tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54975511220828471052024-03-04T22:55:01.092-08:00Keluarga Air Ion Perak JakartaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10440415626645702318noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5497551122082847105.post-9768113830945534782012-02-08T05:14:00.000-08:002012-02-08T05:14:14.115-08:00harga air ion perak<br />
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<b>Harga di Jogja</b> :<br />Volume 1 liter Rp 75.000<br />Volume 500 ml Rp 50.000<br />Volume 350 ml Rp 35.000<br />Volume 90 ml Rp 15.000<br />Botol Spray 60 ml Rp 15.000<br />Jerigen 10 liter Rp 500.000<br /><br /><b>Info dilayani di</b> :<br />Tlp dan sms<br />08156666050 - 081327936367<br /><br />Tlp saja<br />081931787358<br /><br />Email jhardoyo@gmail.com <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 30px;"> </span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 30px;"><br />STOP PRESS<br /><marquee>1 JERIGEN ISI 10 LITER Rp 500.000</marquee><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlgdzr2qwXNZjmJ9Y5p98TDsvDAHWH4BMMpYuPut4nkaVB8KmakYddywFeaxPCDAaPa-b2UVlTVrUZSuNI7emlUSQttURuaclzXmnY1zw7SFqyAsmm6x_fJLewJcES78TL_EYRBOY7Vgj4/s1600/Ionic+Silver+Water+vol+350+ml+persembahan+keluarga+ion+perak+jogja.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlgdzr2qwXNZjmJ9Y5p98TDsvDAHWH4BMMpYuPut4nkaVB8KmakYddywFeaxPCDAaPa-b2UVlTVrUZSuNI7emlUSQttURuaclzXmnY1zw7SFqyAsmm6x_fJLewJcES78TL_EYRBOY7Vgj4/s400/Ionic+Silver+Water+vol+350+ml+persembahan+keluarga+ion+perak+jogja.JPG" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></div>
</td><td>Rp 35.000 / vol. 350 ml</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxi62jQPnDpaQeJchldcHYsYLj0vJl5TcSbr6ZbFy3vAWDamz1VXkTO6aOVLInAoOZpcJ8d9YIOYg6ax8GNBbRmLrrA9DMjRtUXtneLaffIuJjsRAseFiwltsr0Tg7WKrknp37n6llLQ/s1600/Ionic+Silver+Water+persembahan+Keluarga+Air+Ion+Perak+Jogjakarta.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxi62jQPnDpaQeJchldcHYsYLj0vJl5TcSbr6ZbFy3vAWDamz1VXkTO6aOVLInAoOZpcJ8d9YIOYg6ax8GNBbRmLrrA9DMjRtUXtneLaffIuJjsRAseFiwltsr0Tg7WKrknp37n6llLQ/s400/Ionic+Silver+Water+persembahan+Keluarga+Air+Ion+Perak+Jogjakarta.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="260" /></a></div>
</td><td>Rp 50.000 / vol. 500 ml</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsZTZL5HKa_uZIIPigedOLh8jE_9zRXO3Jnqw6Mf4FMHGDU2sKOMTTtI1TDPmCYrFjgYNqNlZ_YIBPx-JY-qC5cXxHF6RQiuHauoDTVERp8GpV5hkfZ9MtBqJZThXZ7yp5KtRCh1Rcow/s1600/Sprayer+Ionic+Silver+Water+Persembahan+Keluarga+Air+Ion+Perak+Jogjakarta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcsZTZL5HKa_uZIIPigedOLh8jE_9zRXO3Jnqw6Mf4FMHGDU2sKOMTTtI1TDPmCYrFjgYNqNlZ_YIBPx-JY-qC5cXxHF6RQiuHauoDTVERp8GpV5hkfZ9MtBqJZThXZ7yp5KtRCh1Rcow/s320/Sprayer+Ionic+Silver+Water+Persembahan+Keluarga+Air+Ion+Perak+Jogjakarta.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; position: relative;" width="284" /></a></div>
</td><td>Rp 15.000 / sprayer 60 ml</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px;">.</span><br style="background-color: #fb5e53; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px;">Pemegang Rekening Bank :</span><br style="background-color: #fb5e53; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px;">BCA / Mandiri / BNI / BRI / Danamon / Niaga / PANIN</span><span style="background-color: #fb5e53; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;"> </span></span></div>
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10440415626645702318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5497551122082847105.post-55787997174601308932012-02-08T05:04:00.000-08:002012-02-08T05:04:19.400-08:00Manfaat,Cara Penggunaan dan Kesaksian dari Para Pengguna Air Ion Perak<br />
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<strong style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Manfaat dari Air Ion Perak</strong></h1>
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<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">panas atau demam</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Disentri</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">infeksi atau radang</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Diarrhea</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">infeksi telinga</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">demam perut</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">keracunan makanan</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">inferksi pernafasan</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">sinusitis</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">infeksi kulit</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">radang selaput lendir</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Vaginitis</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">infeksi luka</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">keputihan atau jamur</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">infeksi mata</li>
<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #666666; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">infeksi kerongkongan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=222178091885616344" name="more"></a><a href="http://dokterionperak.blogspot.com/2012/02/manfaat-cara-menggunakan-dan-testimony.html" name="more" style="color: #4d469c; text-decoration: none;"></a></li>
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<strong style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Cara penggunaan Air Ion Perak</strong></h1>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>Dosis supplement</b> :1-2 sendok makan (15-30ml), 2 x sehari, pagi dan malam sebelum makan, diamkan di mulut/dikumur selama +/- 1 menit sebelum ditelan, agar ionic colloidal silver menyerap secara cepat dan efektif.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>Dosis Terapi</b> : 2 sendok Makan (30ML), setiap +/- 2-3 jam ,diamkan dimulut/dikumur selama +/- 1 menit sebelum ditelan.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>Dosis Problem perut</b> : untuk membersihkan bakteri dan PAthogen didalam Perut, keracunan, diare atau sakit maag,langsung diminum 3-5 sendak makan (75ml), diamkan/dikumur selama +/- 1 menit sebelum ditelan kemudian minum 1 gelas air.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>Wajah</b> : Semprotkan pada wajah kapan saja, dimana saja,untuk muka berdebu, berjerawat dan masalah kulit gatal-gatal di semua bagian tubuh anda.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>Hidung</b> : semprotkan pada hidung yang tersumbat karena alergi,flu dan pilek.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>Intimate Hygeine</b> : Semprotkan pada bagian tubuh wanita yang sensitive, akan terasa nyaman dan hygenis</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><b>Antiseptik</b> : Semprotkan pada tangan dan bagian tubuh yang lain untuk pembasmi kuman. Sangat alami dan aman</li>
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<strong style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Testimony atau Kesaksian</strong></h1>
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Awalnya sy ada stroke dan sdh membaik, namun ujung kaki dan jarimasih sering kebas2.. sy coba konsumsi ion perak sore dan malam hari.. anehnya bangun esok pagi kebas2 hilang. walaupun tdk ada hubungan dgn virus dan bakteri sy rasa ion perak jg bermanfaat utk bbrp penyakit lainnya. Setelah di teliti penyakit apa pun akan lebih berbahya jika sudah di susupi Virus maupun Bakteri. Saya percaya ion perak akan banyak menolong orang keluar dari maaslah kesehatan, teruma bagi org yg tdk mampu, krn harga sangat terjangkau sekali.. dan ponakan sy sendiri batuk2 bisa hilang dalam waktu 1/2 hari.. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Tatep Yogaswara </span><br />
<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Sakit GIGI Hilang Hitungan MENIT </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Air perak air AJAIB! awalnya pesisimis juga gak ada rasa dan sedikit pahit bisa tuntaskan sakit gigi dalam waktu singkat!! ..Istri saya ada keluhan sakit gigi, gusi membengkak sdh 2 hari tidk sembuh2.. setelah di kumur2 air perak (1 kali kumur) gusi yg sakit lgs tdk berasa (seperti kebas) dan anehnya rasa perih yg sdh 2 hari gak pernah hilang,sirna seketika.. Air Perak Benar-Benar AJAIB! Buktikan sendiri deh.. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Muhammad Zikri </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">ION PERAK dapat membasmi kuman & bahteri bahkan dapat membantu menyembuhkan penyakit, saya punya keluhan sering batuk2 & rasa ngilu pada gigi, pada saat gosok gigi sering mengeluarkan darah setelah saya semprotkan ION PERAK ke dalam mulut beberapa kali saja batuk & rasa ngilu pada gigi saya sudah berkuang bahkan saat gosok gigi sudah tidak keluar darah lagi.ION PERAK memang sangat luar biasa dahsat..... disamping dapat menyembuhkan penyakit juga memberikan hak usha bagi anda yang berminat join aja perak. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">SURATMAN </span><br />
<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">ion perak langsung jadi rebutan </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">begitu paket produk dikirim oleh upline saya , sy tawarkan ke teman yg kebetulan batuk2 dah 2 minggu , ternyata dalamn 3 hari langsung sembuh total , dan semenjak itu , teman2 yg laen rebutan ingin coba ion perak , dan sayang sekali stok saya semuanya 3 botol dah habis , dgn satu saya pakai sendiri dan 2 botol saya jual, sehingga mereka rela sabar menunggu untuk pengiriman paket selanjutnya , ion perak memang unik tapi berkhasiat nyata </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">eddy susanto </span><br />
<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Ion Perak Dasyat!! </span><br />
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<span style="color: #504945; font-family: Tahoma, 'century gothic', Arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Baru 1 minggu bersama ion perak, sy sudah dapat dua testimonies.. - Pertama Ponakan teman saya, batuk-batuk tidak sembuh2 bahkan sudah di uap di rumah sakit tidak ada perubahan. Siang hari di semprotkan ion perak ke bagian mulut,udh mulai membaik namun batuk sekali2 masih muncul, kemudian sorenya di semprot lagi hasilnya, lgs sembuh total. - Kesaksian dari member saya sendiri,anaknya sakit perut tdk sembuh2,kemudian di minumkan 1 sendok makan air perak, dalam hitungan menit sembuh total!! Luar biasa..!! - Kesaksian dari konsumen up line saya sendiri, seorang anak bermasalah dengan perutnya, dan setelah konsumsi Ion Perak keluar Cacing dari anus nya.. (lumayan banyak)</span></div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10440415626645702318noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5497551122082847105.post-70669822667942517182012-02-08T04:55:00.000-08:002012-02-08T04:55:04.274-08:00Ionic Silver Water di Wikipedia<br />
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Medical uses of silver</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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The <b>medical uses of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver">silver</a></b> include its incorporation into wound dressings to treat external infections, and its use as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Disinfectant">disinfectant</a> in medical appliances. Silver is also promoted within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> in the form of <i>colloidal silver</i>, although it has not been proven to be safe or effective.</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver">silver</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ion">ion</a> (Ag<sup style="line-height: 1em;">+</sup>) is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioactive">bioactive</a> and in sufficient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Concentration">concentration</a> readily kills <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i>. Silver also kills bacteria in external wounds in living tissue, so physicians use wound dressings containing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver sulfadiazine">silver sulfadiazine</a> (Ag-SD) or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nanoparticles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver nanoparticles">silver nanomaterials</a> to treat external infections.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Burns2007_0-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Burns2007-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16722867_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid16722867-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-theengineer1_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-theengineer1-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hermans2006_4-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Hermans2006-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> Wound dressings containing silver are increasing in importance due to the recent increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Chopra2007-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The disinfectant properties of silver are used in medical applications, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_catheter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urinary catheter">urinary catheters</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotracheal_tube" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Endotracheal tube">endotracheal breathing tubes</a>, where the silver content is effective in reducing incidences of catheter-related urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> (VAP), respectively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-autogenerated1-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated236_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-autogenerated236-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated805_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-autogenerated805-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FDA_Silver_9-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-FDA_Silver-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Silver is also used in bone prostheses, reconstructive orthopaedic surgery and cardiac devices,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> as well as on surfaces and fabrics to reduce the spread of infection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></div>
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Since the 1990s, "colloidal silver", a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Liquid">liquid</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a> of microscopic silver particles, has been marketed as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>, often claiming impressive "cure-all" qualities. The effectiveness of these products has never been scientifically proven, and in some jurisdictions, it is currently illegal to include such claims in product advertisements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> Medical authorities and publications advise against the ingestion of colloidal silver preparations, because of their lack of proven effectiveness and because of the risk of adverse side effects, such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argyria">argyria</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mskcc_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-mskcc-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid8632503-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Historically, colloidal silver was also used as an internal medication to treat a variety of diseases. Their use was largely discontinued in the 1940s, due to the development of safe and effective modern antibiotics and concern about adverse side effects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid8632503-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15748553_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid15748553-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><br />
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Historically" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historically</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Antiseptic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Antiseptic</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Disinfectant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Disinfectant</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#External_infections" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">External infections</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#In_medical_appliances" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">In medical appliances</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Effectiveness" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Effectiveness</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Alternative_medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative medicine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Adverse_health_effects" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Adverse health effects</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Regulation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Regulation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#Environmental_effects" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental effects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Historically">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Historically">Historically</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Silver has had some medicinal uses going back for centuries. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> are said to have stored water, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_wine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phoenician wine">wine</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> in silver bottles to prevent spoiling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SLMetals-Silver_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-SLMetals-Silver-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> In the early 1900s, people would put silver coins in milk bottles to prolong the milk's freshness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SLMetals-Silver_18-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-SLMetals-Silver-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, the "father of medicine",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> wrote that silver had beneficial healing and antidisease properties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SLMetals-Silver_18-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-SLMetals-Silver-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> In the early 1900s, silver gained regulatory approval as an antimicrobial agent. Prior to the introduction of antibiotics, colloidal silver was used as a germicide and disinfectant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Searle-germicide_20-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Searle-germicide-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup>Physicians used it as an eyedrop for ophthalmic problems,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roe-eye_21-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Roe-eye-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> for various infections,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Searle-uses_23-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Searle-uses-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> and sometimes internally for diseases such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_sprue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tropical sprue">tropical sprue</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, and the common cold.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mskcc_15-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-mskcc-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cantlie-Sprue_24-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Cantlie-Sprue-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> Colloidal silver preparations (CSP) were used to treat or prevent gonorrhea and gonorrheal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctivitis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid8632503-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Although "silver products were infrequently promoted for oral use, benefits have been even more questionable."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid8632503-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> With the introduction of antibiotics in the 1940s, the use of silver as an antimicrobial agent diminished.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Chopra2007-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> One well known, highly successful, brand name, silver colloid product in the period before 1940 was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyrol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argyrol">Argyrol</a>.</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Antiseptic">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Antiseptic">Antiseptic</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Silver and most silver compounds have an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oligodynamic effect">oligodynamic effect</a> and are toxic for bacteria, algae, and fungi <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i>. The oligodynamic effect is typical for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lead (element)">lead</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, but, among the elements that have this effect, silver is the least toxic for humans. The antibacterial action of silver is dependent on the silver ion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> The effectiveness of silver compounds as an antiseptic is based on the ability of the biologically active silver ion (Ag+) to irreversibly damage key enzyme systems in the cell membranes of pathogens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> The antibacterial action of silver has long been known to be enhanced by the presence of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electric field">electric field</a>. Applying a few volts of electricity across silver electrodes drastically enhances the rate bacteria in solution are killed. The antibacterial action of silver electrodes is greatly improved if the electrodes are covered with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Nano" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver Nano">silver nanorods</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Disinfectant">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Disinfectant">Disinfectant</span></h3>
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Electrolytically-dissolved silver has been used as a water disinfecting agent, for example, the drinking water supplies of the Russian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mir">Mir orbital station</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> includes silver in a colloidal state produced by electrolysis of silver electrodes in water, and colloidal silver in water filters as two of a number of water disinfection methods specified to provide safe drinking water in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> Along these lines, a ceramic filtration system coated with silver particles has been created by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rivera_(public_health)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ron Rivera (public health)">Ron Rivera</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potters_for_Peace" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Potters for Peace">Potters for Peace</a> and used in developing countries for water disinfection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GuardianObit_28-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-GuardianObit-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Filtron_30-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Filtron-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External infections">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_infections">External infections</span></h3>
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In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War I">World War I</a>, before the advent of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, silver compounds were used to prevent and treat infections. Silver compounds continue to be used in external preparations as antiseptics,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mskcc_15-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-mskcc-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>, which can be used in dilute solution as eyedrops to prevent<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctivitis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a> in newborn babies. Silver nitrate is also sometimes used in dermatology in solid stick form as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cauterization">caustic</a> ("lunar caustic") to treat certain skin conditions, such as corns and warts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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According to Atiyeh et al. (2007), "The gold standard in topical burn treatment is silver sulfadiazine (Ag-SD), a useful antibacterial agent for burn wound treatment". They do note, however, that silver-impregnated dressings do sometimes result in a slower healing process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Burns2007_0-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Burns2007-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Silver sulfadiazine cream (SSD Cream) replaced colloidal silver as the most common delivery system for using silver on the surface of burn wounds to control infection in the 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Burns2007_0-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Burns2007-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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The US Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of a range of different silver-impregnated wound dressings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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Laboratory studies at the Biochemical Materials Research and Development Center of Jiaxing College, China, have shown silver-containing alginate fibres provide a sustained release of silver ions when in contact with wound exudates, and are “highly effective against bacteria”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16722867_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid16722867-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> A study administered by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_York_Medical_School" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hull York Medical School">Hull York Medical School</a> found an antimicrobial barrier dressing containing silver provided “a highly effective and reliable barrier to the spread of MRSA into the wider hospital.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-theengineer1_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-theengineer1-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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More recently, dressings incorporating nanocrystalline silver or activated silver-impregnated substances have become available,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Burns2007_0-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Burns2007-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> which deliver higher concentrations of the active silver ion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> As of 2006, more "than 10 dressings containing pure silver" were available.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hermans2006_4-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Hermans2006-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> In particular, silver is being used with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alginate">alginate</a>, a naturally occurring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a> derived from seaweed, in a range of products designed to prevent infections as part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wound">wound</a> management procedures, particularly applicable to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(injury)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burn (injury)">burn</a> victims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hermans2006_4-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Hermans2006-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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Wound dressings containing silver are increasing in importance due to the increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which has imposed clinical limits on the use of antibiotics. Chopra<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> states topical silver is regaining popularity in the management of open wounds, “due largely to the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the resultant reduction in first-line antibiotic prescribing”, and “[s]ome silver-based dressings appear to provide an effective alternative to antibiotics in the management of wound infection.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Chopra2007-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Silver has proven broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that includes antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with minimal toxicity toward mammalian cells at low concentrations, and has a less likely tendency than antibiotics to induce resistance due to its activity at multiple bacterial target sites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Chopra2007-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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However, some sources still hold that the evidence for the effectiveness of silver-treated dressings is mixed, as the evidence is marred by the poor quality of the trials used to assess these products.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-systematic1973_38-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-systematic1973-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> Consequently, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a> found insufficient evidence to recommend the use of silver-treated dressings to treat infected wounds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_39-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-autogenerated2007-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: In medical appliances">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_medical_appliances">In medical appliances</span></h3>
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The disinfectant properties of silver are used in some other medical applications, such as catheters and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotracheal_tube" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Endotracheal tube">endotracheal breathing tubes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup>A study on the use of silver-alloy catheters by the University of Michigan School of Medicine concluded “The data supporting the use of silver alloy urinary catheters to reduce urinary catheter-related bacteriuria is reasonably strong.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-autogenerated1-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> The study also concluded silver alloy catheters are more effective than standard catheters for reducing bacteriuria in adults in hospital having short-term catheterization, and, although they cost about $6 more than standard urinary catheters, they may be worth the extra cost, since catheter-related infection is a common cause of nosocomial infection and bacteremia. Related meta-analysis also clarified discrepant results among earlier trials of silver-coated urinary catheters by revealing silver alloy catheters are significantly more effective in preventing urinary tract infections than are silver oxide catheters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated236_7-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-autogenerated236-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> These conclusions are supported by, among others, studies by the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> and the University Hospital for Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Halle, Germany.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></div>
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In 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Glass_Co." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asahi Glass Co.">AGC Flat Glass Europe</a> introduced the first antibacterial glass to fight hospital-acquired infection; it is covered with a thin layer of silver.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup> Ionizable silver is also incorporated into fabrics to reduce the spread of bacteria.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilator-associated_pneumonia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ventilator-associated pneumonia">Ventilator-associated pneumonia</a> (VAP) causes substantial morbidity. A 2008 study by Kollef et al. concluded, “Patients receiving a silver-coated endotracheal tube had a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of VAP and delayed time to VAP occurrence compared with those receiving a similar, uncoated tube.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated805_8-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-autogenerated805-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> In addition, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) has recently approved an endotracheal tube with a fine coat of silver for use in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a>, after studies found it reduced the risk of ventilator-associated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FDA_Silver_9-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-FDA_Silver-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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The use of these devices is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraindication" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contraindication">contraindicated</a> for persons who are allergic to silver,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> and although they are widely used in hospitals, no thorough testing and standardization of these products has yet been undertaken.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Chopra2007-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Effectiveness">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</span></h3>
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A meta-analysis of 26 studies by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a> found that, while most were small and of poor quality, there was not enough evidence to support the use of silver-containing dressings or creams, as generally these treatments did not promote wound healing or prevent wound infections. Some evidence suggested that silver sulfadiazine had no effect on infection, and actually slowed healing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</span></h2>
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Since about 1990, there has been a resurgence of the promotion of colloidal silver as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> treatment, marketed with claims of it being an essential mineral supplement, or that it can prevent or treat numerous diseases, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, and herpes,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid8632503-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15748553_17-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid15748553-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7563503_45-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid7563503-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> Silver is not an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_mineral" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Essential mineral">essential mineral</a> in humans; there is no dietary requirement for silver, and no such thing as a silver "deficiency".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> No medical evidence supports colloidal silver as being effective for any of these claimed indications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid-11593479_46-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid-11593479-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda-rule_47-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-fda-rule-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup></div>
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The commercial product referred to as "colloidal silver", includes solutions that contain various concentrations of ionic silver compounds, silver colloids or silver compounds bound to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protein">proteins</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Water">water</a>. Such products with concentrations of 30 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_million" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm) or less are typically manufactured using an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> process, whereas those with higher concentrations of 50 ppm or more are usually silver compounds that have been bound with a protein. Colloidal silver preparations primarily deliver inactive metallic silver, rather than the active microbicidal silver ion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-blue_48-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-blue-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup></div>
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No scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of colloidal silver <i>in vivo</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Some <i>in vitro</i> studies demonstrate an antibacterial effect of colloidal silver,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup> although one study in 2004 of a colloidal silver solution marketed on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> showed no such antimicrobial activity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hasselt_50-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-hasselt-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup>No clinical studies in humans demonstrate effectiveness, and a few report toxicity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mskcc_15-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-mskcc-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> The U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine">National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> has issued an advisory indicating the marketing claims made about colloidal silver are scientifically unsupported, the silver content of marketed supplements varies widely, and colloidal silver products can have serious side effects to the consumer, including "argyria,... neurologic problems (such as seizures), kidney damage, stomach distress, headaches, fatigue, and skin irritation. Colloidal silver may interfere with the body's absorption of some drugs, such as penacillamine, quinolones, tetracyclines, and thyroxine."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Although colloidal silver products are legally available at health food stores in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> and are marketed over the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a> as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>, it is illegal in the U.S. and Australia for marketers to make claims of medical effectiveness for colloidal silver. Ingestion of colloidal silver may result in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argyria">argyria</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Adverse health effects">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Adverse_health_effects">Adverse health effects</span></h2>
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Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver">Silver</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argyria">Argyria</a></div>
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According to Lansdown, the risk expected due to clinical exposure to silver is "minimal", as only chronic ingestion or inhalation of silver preparations leads to an accumulation of silver in the human body that can cause argyria, argyrosis (accumulation of silver in the eye), and other conditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> Silver-based products are contraindicated for people who are allergic to silver.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> The reference dose, published by the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> in 1991, which recommends the estimated daily exposure that is unlikely to incur an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime, is 5 µg/kg/d; meaning 5 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgram" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Microgram">micrograms</a> of silver per kilo of weight per person each day – about 1 liter of 10 ppm colloidal silver per month for a 66 kg person.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid8632503-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> An article from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine">National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> points out silver nitrate and silver sulfadiazine can have negative side effects, and they must be applied to the body externally and not taken internally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nccam_1-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-nccam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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The chronic intake of silver products and the silver buildup from colloidal silver can result in an accumulation of silver or silver sulfide particles in the hair, skin, kidneys, liver, heart and muscles due to high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Methionine">methionine</a>-containing proteins, such as keratin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, and key dipeptide glutathione. Serious neurologic (such as seizures), renal, or hepatic complications, as well as headaches, stomach distress, fatigue, and skin irritation have been reported.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid-16021155_56-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid-16021155-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup> if ingested, colloidal silver may react with certain drugs, such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillamine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Penicillamine">Penicillamine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thyroxine">thyroxine</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolones" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quinolones">quinolones</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetracyclines">tetracyclines</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> One death has been reported in the medical literature which the authors felt was due to silver toxicity resulting from repeated oral ingestion of colloidal silver.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup> Colloidal silver can reduce the absorption of some<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medication">medications</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quinolone">quinolone</a> antibiotics and can bind to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillamine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Penicillamine">penicillamine</a>, thereby reducing the effectiveness of those medications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mskcc_15-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-mskcc-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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As in photography (where silver is used due to its reactivity with light), silver particles in the skin darken with exposure to sunlight, resulting in a blue or gray discoloration of the skin. This condition is known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argyria">argyria</a>, which is a dermatological condition characterized by grayish-blue pigmentation of the skin, nails, gums, and deep tissues; and, in similar manner, it can lead to silver in the eye (argyrosis) and in other organs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> Localized argyria can occur as a result of topical use of substances containing silver, while generalized argyria results from the chronic ingestion of such substances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid-16021155_56-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-pmid-16021155-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup> Argyria was long believed to be irreversible,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-blue_48-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-blue-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup> but recently, laser therapy has been used to treat it with satisfactory cosmetic results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup> The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSDR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ATSDR">ATSDR</a>) describes argyria as a "cosmetic problem",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup> although some people consider it to be socially debilitating.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Regulation">Regulation</span></h3>
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In August 1999, the FDA banned colloidal silver sellers from claiming any therapeutic or preventive value for the product, noting colloidal silver was being marketed for numerous diseases without evidence of safety or effectiveness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda-rule_47-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-fda-rule-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> As a result, the product now has the status of a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> in the US; it can be promoted with general "structure-function" claims, but cannot be marketed as preventing or treating any illness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda-rule_47-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-fda-rule-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> Following this ruling, the FDA has issued numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA_Warning_Letter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="FDA Warning Letter">Warning Letters</a> to Internet sites that have continued to promote colloidal silver as an antibiotic or for other medical purposes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda-warn1_66-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-fda-warn1-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda-warn2_67-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-fda-warn2-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup></div>
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In 2002, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australian">Australian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a> (TGA) found there were no legitimate medical uses for colloidal silver and no evidence to support its marketing claims. Given the associated safety risks, the TGA concluded "efforts should be made to curb the illegal availability of colloidal silver products, which is a significant public health issue."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Australia_68-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-Australia-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Environmental effects">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</span></h2>
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Silver that enters the environment from discarded medical sources can have detrimental effects on micro-organisms and animals (including humans).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_note-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-Burns2007-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Burns2007_0-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Burns2007_0-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Burns2007_0-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Burns2007_0-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN, Dibo SA (2007). "Effect of silver on burn wound infection control and healing: review of the literature". <i>Burns</i> <b>33</b> (2): 139–48.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.burns.2006.06.010" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1016/j.burns.2006.06.010</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17137719" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">17137719</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect+of+silver+on+burn+wound+infection+control+and+healing%3A+review+of+the+literature&rft.jtitle=Burns&rft.aulast=Atiyeh+BS%2C+Costagliola+M%2C+Hayek+SN%2C+Dibo+SA&rft.au=Atiyeh+BS%2C+Costagliola+M%2C+Hayek+SN%2C+Dibo+SA&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139%E2%80%9348&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.burns.2006.06.010&rft_id=info:pmid/17137719&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nccam-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-nccam_1-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://nccam.nih.gov/health/silver/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Colloidal Silver Products"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine">National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a>. December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-10-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Colloidal+Silver+Products&rft.atitle=&rft.date=December+2006&rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Center+for+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnccam.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fsilver%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid16722867-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid16722867_2-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid16722867_2-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Qin Y (June 2005). "Silver-containing alginate fibres and dressings". <i>International Wound Journal</i> <b>2</b> (2): 172–6.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4801.2005.00101.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1111/j.1742-4801.2005.00101.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722867" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">16722867</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Silver-containing+alginate+fibres+and+dressings&rft.jtitle=International+Wound+Journal&rft.aulast=Qin+Y&rft.au=Qin+Y&rft.date=June+2005&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4801.2005.00101.x&rft_id=info:pmid/16722867&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-theengineer1-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-theengineer1_3-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-theengineer1_3-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">1 May 2007 (2007-05-01). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Articles/299472/Combatting%20the%20bug.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Combatting the bug | News"</a>. The Engineer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Combatting+the+bug+%26%23124%3B+News&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=1+May+2007&rft.au=1+May+2007&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.pub=The+Engineer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theengineer.co.uk%2FArticles%2F299472%2FCombatting%2520the%2520bug.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hermans2006-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Hermans2006_4-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Hermans2006_4-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Hermans2006_4-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hermans MH (2006). "Silver-containing dressings and the need for evidence". <i>The American journal of nursing</i> <b>106</b> (12): 60–8; quiz 68–9. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00000446-200612000-00025" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1097/00000446-200612000-00025</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17133010" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">17133010</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Silver-containing+dressings+and+the+need+for+evidence&rft.jtitle=The+American+journal+of+nursing&rft.aulast=Hermans+MH&rft.au=Hermans+MH&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=60%E2%80%938%3B+quiz+68%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00000446-200612000-00025&rft_id=info:pmid/17133010&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chopra2007-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Chopra2007_5-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Chopra I (April 2007). "The increasing use of silver-based products as antimicrobial agents: a useful development or a cause for concern?". <i>The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</i> <b>59</b> (4): 587–90. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm006" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1093/jac/dkm006</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17307768" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">17307768</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+increasing+use+of+silver-based+products+as+antimicrobial+agents%3A+a+useful+development+or+a+cause+for+concern%3F&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.aulast=Chopra+I&rft.au=Chopra+I&rft.date=April+2007&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587%E2%80%9390&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm006&rft_id=info:pmid/17307768&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external free" href="http://www.ahrq.gov/Clinic/ptsafety/chap15a.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">http://www.ahrq.gov/Clinic/ptsafety/chap15a.htm</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since July 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated236-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-autogenerated236_7-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-autogenerated236_7-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Saint S, Elmore JG, Sullivan SD, Emerson SS, Koepsell TD (September 1998). "The efficacy of silver alloy-coated urinary catheters in preventing urinary tract infection: a meta-analysis". <i>The American Journal of Medicine</i> <b>105</b> (3): 236–41. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2898%2900240-X" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00240-X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9753027" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">9753027</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+efficacy+of+silver+alloy-coated+urinary+catheters+in+preventing+urinary+tract+infection%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Saint+S%2C+Elmore+JG%2C+Sullivan+SD%2C+Emerson+SS%2C+Koepsell+TD&rft.au=Saint+S%2C+Elmore+JG%2C+Sullivan+SD%2C+Emerson+SS%2C+Koepsell+TD&rft.date=September+1998&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236%E2%80%9341&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2898%2900240-X&rft_id=info:pmid/9753027&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated805-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-autogenerated805_8-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-autogenerated805_8-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kollef MH, Afessa B, Anzueto A et al (August 2008). "Silver-coated endotracheal tubes and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: the NASCENT randomized trial". <i>JAMA</i> <b>300</b> (7): 805–13. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.300.7.805" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1001/jama.300.7.805</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18714060" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">18714060</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Silver-coated+endotracheal+tubes+and+incidence+of+ventilator-associated+pneumonia%3A+the+NASCENT+randomized+trial&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=Kollef+MH&rft.au=Kollef+MH&rft.au=Afessa+B&rft.au=Anzueto+A&rft.au=Veremakis%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=Kerr%2C%26%2332%3BK.+M.&rft.au=Margolis%2C%26%2332%3BB.+D.&rft.au=Craven%2C%26%2332%3BD.+E.&rft.au=Roberts%2C%26%2332%3BP.+R.&rft.au=Arroliga%2C%26%2332%3BA.+C.&rft.date=August+2008&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=805%E2%80%9313&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.300.7.805&rft_id=info:pmid/18714060&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FDA_Silver-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-FDA_Silver_9-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-FDA_Silver_9-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01741.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"FDA Clears Silver-Coated Breathing Tube For Marketing"</a>. 2007-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+Clears+Silver-Coated+Breathing+Tube+For+Marketing&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fbbs%2Ftopics%2FNEWS%2F2007%2FNEW01741.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lansdown, Alan B.G. (2006). <i>Silver in Health Care: Antimicrobial Effects and Safety in Use</i>. "Biofunctional Textiles and the Skin".<i>Current problems in dermatology</i>. Current Problems in Dermatology <b>33</b>: 17–34. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000093928" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1159/000093928</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-8121-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-8055-8121-1">3-8055-8121-1</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16766878" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">16766878</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biofunctional+Textiles+and+the+Skin&rft.jtitle=Current+problems+in+dermatology&rft.aulast=Lansdown&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.G.&rft.au=Lansdown%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+B.G.&rft.date=2006&rft.series=Current+Problems+in+Dermatology&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=17%E2%80%9334&rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000093928&rft.isbn=3-8055-8121-1&rft_id=info:pmid/16766878&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Lansdown2006-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Lansdown2006_11-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lansdown AB (2006). "Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use". <i>Current Problems in Dermatology</i>. Current Problems in Dermatology <b>33</b>: 17–34.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000093928" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1159/000093928</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-8121-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-8055-8121-1">3-8055-8121-1</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16766878" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">16766878</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Silver+in+health+care%3A+antimicrobial+effects+and+safety+in+use&rft.jtitle=Current+Problems+in+Dermatology&rft.aulast=Lansdown+AB&rft.au=Lansdown+AB&rft.date=2006&rft.series=Current+Problems+in+Dermatology&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=17%E2%80%9334&rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000093928&rft.isbn=3-8055-8121-1&rft_id=info:pmid/16766878&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.zeolitanatural.com/docs/antimicrobialsilverzeolite.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Antimicrobial efficacy of a silver-zeolite matrix coating on stainless steel</a> J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol (2003) 30: 102–106 DOI 10.1007/s10295-002-0022-0</li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr17au99-6.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Federal Register /Vol. 64, No. 158 /Tuesday, August 17, 1999 /Rules and Regulations</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Final rule". <i>Federal Register</i> <b>64</b> (158): 44653–8. August 1999. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558603" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10558603</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over-the-counter+drug+products+containing+colloidal+silver+ingredients+or+silver+salts.++Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services+%28HHS%29%2C+Public+Health+Service+%28PHS%29%2C+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29.++Final+rule&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.date=August+1999&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=158&rft.pages=44653%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:pmid/10558603&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mskcc-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-mskcc_15-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-mskcc_15-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-mskcc_15-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-mskcc_15-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-mskcc_15-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69189.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"About Herbs: Colloidal Silver"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Sloan-Kettering_Cancer_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center">Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</a>. 2008-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-10-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Herbs%3A+Colloidal+Silver&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft.pub=%5B%5BMemorial+Sloan-Kettering+Cancer+Center%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mskcc.org%2Fmskcc%2Fhtml%2F69189.cfm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid8632503-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid8632503_16-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Fung MC, Bowen DL (1996). "Silver products for medical indications: risk-benefit assessment". <i>Journal of Toxicology</i> <b>34</b> (1): 119–26. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109%2F15563659609020246" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.3109/15563659609020246</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8632503" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">8632503</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Silver+products+for+medical+indications%3A+risk-benefit+assessment&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Toxicology&rft.aulast=Fung+MC%2C+Bowen+DL&rft.au=Fung+MC%2C+Bowen+DL&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119%E2%80%9326&rft_id=info:doi/10.3109%2F15563659609020246&rft_id=info:pmid/8632503&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15748553-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid15748553_17-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid15748553_17-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wadhera A, Fung M (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://dermatology.cdlib.org/111/case_reports/argyria/wadhera.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Systemic argyria associated with ingestion of colloidal silver"</a>. <i>Dermatology Online Journal</i> <b>11</b> (1): 12. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15748553" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">15748553</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Systemic+argyria+associated+with+ingestion+of+colloidal+silver&rft.jtitle=Dermatology+Online+Journal&rft.aulast=Wadhera+A%2C+Fung+M&rft.au=Wadhera+A%2C+Fung+M&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft_id=info:pmid/15748553&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdermatology.cdlib.org%2F111%2Fcase_reports%2Fargyria%2Fwadhera.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SLMetals-Silver-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-SLMetals-Silver_18-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-SLMetals-Silver_18-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-SLMetals-Silver_18-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> Salt Lake Metals: <a class="external text" href="http://www.saltlakemetals.com/Silver_Antibacterial.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">Antibacterial effects of silver</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Grammaticos PC, Diamantis A (2008). "Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus". <i>Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine</i> <b>11</b>(1): 2–4. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392218" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">18392218</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Useful+known+and+unknown+views+of+the+father+of+modern+medicine%2C+Hippocrates+and+his+teacher+Democritus&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Journal+of+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.aulast=Grammaticos+PC%2C+Diamantis+A&rft.au=Grammaticos+PC%2C+Diamantis+A&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2%E2%80%934&rft_id=info:pmid/18392218&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Searle-germicide-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Searle-germicide_20-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Searle, A.B. (1920). <a class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/useofcolloidsinh00searuoft#page/70/mode/2up" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Chapter VIII: Germicides and Disinfectants"</a>. <i>The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease</i>. Gerstein - University of Toronto : Toronto Collection: London Constable & Co..</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+VIII%3A+Germicides+and+Disinfectants&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Colloids+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Searle%2C%26%2332%3BA.B.&rft.date=1920&rft.place=Gerstein+-+University+of+Toronto+%3A+Toronto+Collection&rft.pub=London+Constable+%26+Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Fuseofcolloidsinh00searuoft%23page%2F70%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Roe-eye-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Roe-eye_21-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Roe, A. L. (1915). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2301624" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"COLLOSOL ARGENTUM AND ITS OPHTHALMIC USES"</a>. <i>BMJ</i> <b>1</b> (2820): 104.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2820.104" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1136/bmj.1.2820.104</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2301624" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">2301624</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20767446" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">20767446</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=COLLOSOL+ARGENTUM+AND+ITS+OPHTHALMIC+USES&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Roe%2C%26%2332%3BA.+L.&rft.date=1915&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2820&rft.pages=104&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2820.104&rft_id=info:pmc/2301624&rft_id=info:pmid/20767446&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2301624&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">MacLeod, C (1912). "ELECTRIC METALLIC COLLOIDS AND THEIR THERAPEUTICAL APPLICATIONS". <i>The Lancet</i> <b>179</b> (4614): 322. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2966545-0" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66545-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ELECTRIC+METALLIC+COLLOIDS+AND+THEIR+THERAPEUTICAL+APPLICATIONS&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=MacLeod%2C%26%2332%3BC&rft.date=1912&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=4614&rft.pages=322&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2966545-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Searle-uses-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Searle-uses_23-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Searle, A.B. (1920). <a class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/useofcolloidsinh00searuoft#page/83/mode/1up" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Chapter IX: Colloidal Remedies and Their Uses"</a>. <i>The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease</i>. Gerstein - University of Toronto : Toronto Collection: London Constable & Co..</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+IX%3A+Colloidal+Remedies+and+Their+Uses&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Colloids+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Searle%2C%26%2332%3BA.B.&rft.date=1920&rft.place=Gerstein+-+University+of+Toronto+%3A+Toronto+Collection&rft.pub=London+Constable+%26+Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Fuseofcolloidsinh00searuoft%23page%2F83%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Cantlie-Sprue-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Cantlie-Sprue_24-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"EIGHTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE British Medical Association". <i>BMJ</i> <b>2</b> (2759): 1282. 1913.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.2759.1282" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1136/bmj.2.2759.1282</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EIGHTY-FIRST+ANNUAL+MEETING+OF+THE+British+Medical+Association&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.date=1913&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2759&rft.pages=1282&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.2759.1282&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.woundsresearch.com/content/comparison-two-silver-dressings-wound-management-pediatric-burns" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Comparison of Two Silver Dressings for Wound Management in Pediatric Burns | WOUNDS"</a>. Woundsresearch.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Comparison+of+Two+Silver+Dressings+for+Wound+Management+in+Pediatric+Burns+%26%23124%3B+WOUNDS&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Woundsresearch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woundsresearch.com%2Fcontent%2Fcomparison-two-silver-dressings-wound-management-pediatric-burns&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.vsm.si/files/clanek2nov.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Silver Antimicrobial Dressings in Wound Management: A Comparison of Antibacterial, Physical, and Chemical Characteristics</a> ConvaTec Ltd, Flintshire, United Kingdom</li>
<li id="cite_note-systematic1973-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-systematic1973_38-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lo SF, Hayter M, Chang CJ, Hu WY, Lee LL (2008). "A systematic review of silver-releasing dressings in the management of infected chronic wounds". <i>Journal of clinical nursing</i> <b>17</b> (15): 1973–85.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2007.02264.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02264.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18705778" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">18705778</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+silver-releasing+dressings+in+the+management+of+infected+chronic+wounds&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+clinical+nursing&rft.aulast=Lo+SF%2C+Hayter+M%2C+Chang+CJ%2C+Hu+WY%2C+Lee+LL&rft.au=Lo+SF%2C+Hayter+M%2C+Chang+CJ%2C+Hu+WY%2C+Lee+LL&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1973%E2%80%9385&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2007.02264.x&rft_id=info:pmid/18705778&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2007-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-autogenerated2007_39-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Vermeulen H, van Hattem JM, Storm-Versloot MN, Ubbink DT (2007). Vermeulen, Hester. ed. "Topical silver for treating infected wounds". <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (1): CD005486. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005486.pub2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1002/14651858.CD005486.pub2</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253557" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">17253557</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Topical+silver+for+treating+infected+wounds&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.aulast=Vermeulen+H%2C+van+Hattem+JM%2C+Storm-Versloot+MN%2C+Ubbink+DT&rft.au=Vermeulen+H%2C+van+Hattem+JM%2C+Storm-Versloot+MN%2C+Ubbink+DT&rft.date=2007&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD005486&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005486.pub2&rft_id=info:pmid/17253557&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> ScienceDaily (May 21, 2008): <a class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080519133449.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">Silver-coated Endotracheal Tube Dramatically Reduces Resistant Infections</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Silver-Coated Endotracheal Tube Reduces Risk for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, by News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD and CME Author: Penny Murata, MD - August 20 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.</li>
<li id="cite_note-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Loertzer H, Soukup J, Hamza A et al (April 2006). "Use of catheters with the AgION antimicrobial system in kidney transplant recipients to reduce infection risk". <i>Transplantation Proceedings</i> <b>38</b>(3): 707–10. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.transproceed.2006.01.064" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.01.064</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16647450" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">16647450</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Use+of+catheters+with+the+AgION+antimicrobial+system+in+kidney+transplant+recipients+to+reduce+infection+risk&rft.jtitle=Transplantation+Proceedings&rft.aulast=Loertzer+H&rft.au=Loertzer+H&rft.au=Soukup+J&rft.au=Hamza+A&rft.au=Wicht%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.au=Rettkowski%2C%26%2332%3BO&rft.au=Koch%2C%26%2332%3BE&rft.au=Fornara%2C%26%2332%3BP&rft.date=April+2006&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=707%E2%80%9310&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.transproceed.2006.01.064&rft_id=info:pmid/16647450&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.agc-flatglass.eu/AGC+Flat+Glass+Europe/English/Homepage/News/Press+room/Press-Detail-Page/page.aspx/979?pressitemid=1031" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"AGC Flat Glass Europe launches world's first antibacterial glass"</a>. 2007-09-04.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=AGC+Flat+Glass+Europe+launches+world%27s+first+antibacterial+glass&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agc-flatglass.eu%2FAGC%2BFlat%2BGlass%2BEurope%2FEnglish%2FHomepage%2FNews%2FPress%2Broom%2FPress-Detail-Page%2Fpage.aspx%2F979%3Fpressitemid%3D1031&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006478.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">Cochrane Collaboration: Topical silver for preventing wound infection, 2009</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid7563503-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid7563503_45-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Fung MC, Weintraub M, Bowen DL (October 1995). "Colloidal silver proteins marketed as health supplements". <i>JAMA</i> <b>274</b> (15): 1196–7. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.274.15.1196" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1001/jama.274.15.1196</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7563503" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">7563503</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colloidal+silver+proteins+marketed+as+health+supplements&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.aulast=Fung+MC%2C+Weintraub+M%2C+Bowen+DL&rft.au=Fung+MC%2C+Weintraub+M%2C+Bowen+DL&rft.date=October+1995&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1196%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:doi/10.1001%2Fjama.274.15.1196&rft_id=info:pmid/7563503&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid-11593479-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-pmid-11593479_46-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Newman M, Kolecki P (October 2001). "Argyria in the ED". <i>Am J Emerg Med</i> <b>19</b> (6): 525–6. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1053%2Fajem.2001.25773" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1053/ajem.2001.25773</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11593479" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">11593479</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Argyria+in+the+ED&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Emerg+Med&rft.aulast=Newman+M%2C+Kolecki+P&rft.au=Newman+M%2C+Kolecki+P&rft.date=October+2001&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=525%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:doi/10.1053%2Fajem.2001.25773&rft_id=info:pmid/11593479&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fda-rule-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-fda-rule_47-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-fda-rule_47-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-fda-rule_47-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Final rule". <i>Federal Register</i> <b>64</b> (158): 44653–8. August 1999. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558603" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10558603</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over-the-counter+drug+products+containing+colloidal+silver+ingredients+or+silver+salts.++Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services+%28HHS%29%2C+Public+Health+Service+%28PHS%29%2C+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29.++Final+rule&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.date=August+1999&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=158&rft.pages=44653%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:pmid/10558603&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-blue-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-blue_48-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-blue_48-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Okan D, Woo K, Sibbald RG (June 2007). "So what if you are blue? Oral colloidal silver and argyria are out: safe dressings are in". <i>Adv Skin Wound Care</i> <b>20</b> (6): 326–30.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ASW.0000276415.91750.0f" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">10.1097/01.ASW.0000276415.91750.0f</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538258" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">17538258</a>. "Colloidal silver suspensions are solutions of submicroscopic metallic silver particles suspended in a colloid base. These products deliver predominantly inactive metallic silver, not the antimicrobial ionized form."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=So+what+if+you+are+blue%3F+Oral+colloidal+silver+and+argyria+are+out%3A+safe+dressings+are+in&rft.jtitle=Adv+Skin+Wound+Care&rft.aulast=Okan+D%2C+Woo+K%2C+Sibbald+RG&rft.au=Okan+D%2C+Woo+K%2C+Sibbald+RG&rft.date=June+2007&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=326%E2%80%9330&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F01.ASW.0000276415.91750.0f&rft_id=info:pmid/17538258&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-hasselt-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-hasselt_50-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">van Hasselt P, Gashe BA, Ahmad J (April 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=26606;article=JWC_13_4_154_155" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Colloidal silver as an antimicrobial agent: fact or fiction?"</a>. <i>Journal of Wound Care</i> <b>13</b> (4): 154–5. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15114827" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">15114827</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colloidal+silver+as+an+antimicrobial+agent%3A+fact+or+fiction%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wound+Care&rft.aulast=van+Hasselt+P%2C+Gashe+BA%2C+Ahmad+J&rft.au=van+Hasselt+P%2C+Gashe+BA%2C+Ahmad+J&rft.date=April+2004&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=154%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:pmid/15114827&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internurse.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgo.pl%2Flibrary%2Farticle.cgi%3Fuid%3D26606%3Barticle%3DJWC_13_4_154_155&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-fda-warn1-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-fda-warn1_66-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm127976.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Colloidal Silver Not Approved"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a>. 2007-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Colloidal+Silver+Not+Approved&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft.pub=%5B%5BU.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FAnimalVeterinary%2FNewsEvents%2FCVMUpdates%2Fucm127976.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fda-warn2-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-fda-warn2_67-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/cyber/2001/Cyber097.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"FDA Warning Letter"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a>. 2001-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FDA+Warning+Letter&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2001-03-13&rft.pub=%5B%5BU.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcder%2Fwarn%2Fcyber%2F2001%2FCyber097.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Australia-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-Australia_68-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/html/csilver.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Regulation of colloidal silver and related products"</a>. Australian<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a>. 2005-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-09-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Regulation+of+colloidal+silver+and+related+products&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft.pub=Australian+%5B%5BTherapeutic+Goods+Administration%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fdocs%2Fhtml%2Fcsilver.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver#cite_ref-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://cohesion.rice.edu/centersandinst/icon/emplibrary/ICON-Backgrounder_NanoSilver-in-the-Environment-v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">ICON backgrounder: Environmental Impacts of Nanosilver, 2008</a></li>
</ol>
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<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_uses_of_silver&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://nccam.nih.gov/health/silver/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">Colloidal Silver information</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine">National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr17au99-6.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Final Rule on Colloidal Silver Drug Products</a> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://google.com/search?q=cache:jzq3x02xQhEJ:www.mdanderson.org/departments/cimer/display.cfm%3Fid%3Dca255d3c-2ca8-46ed-a19011aa9f45cd23%26method%3Ddisplayfull%26pn%3D5ac57a83-0f8d-4a3f-b743a0cdf23f193c+colloidal+silver+site:www.mdanderson.org&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"Complementary/Integrative Medicine Therapies: Colloidal Silver"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._D._Anderson_Cancer_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M. D. Anderson Cancer Center">M. D. Anderson Cancer Center</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Complementary%2FIntegrative+Medicine+Therapies%3A+Colloidal+Silver&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BM.+D.+Anderson+Cancer+Center%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dcache%3Ajzq3x02xQhEJ%3Awww.mdanderson.org%2Fdepartments%2Fcimer%2Fdisplay.cfm%253Fid%253Dca255d3c-2ca8-46ed-a19011aa9f45cd23%2526method%253Ddisplayfull%2526pn%253D5ac57a83-0f8d-4a3f-b743a0cdf23f193c%2Bcolloidal%2Bsilver%2Bsite%3Awww.mdanderson.org%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Medical_uses_of_silver"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69189.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;">"About Herbs: Colloidal Silver"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Sloan-Kettering_Cancer_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center">Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
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